Plantation agriculture Essay Example for Free

Plantation agriculture Essay Plantation agriculture is a kind of commercial arable farming in the world. It is especially important in humid tropics with luxuriant growth of vegetation. Its economic effectiveness is always emphasized, bringing both positive and negative impacts. In recent decades, crop diversification is introduced and the ecological balance of the natural environment is greatly conserved. Plantation agriculture refers to the growing of cash crops on large foreign owned estates in countries of tropical environment. It is usually practiced in a large scale with monoculture, in which only a certain type of plant is dominant. Take Papua New Guinea as an example, in the area, cacao, coffee and rubber are mainly grown in the region for export to other countries. Under this kind of farming, there are positive impacts to the economy. Firstly, due to its large scale of operation and being export-oriented in Papua New Guinea, the supply of products is regular and of uniformly high quality. With high demand for the products, this attracts large amount of investment of capital from the foreign countries, such as Europe and North America, thus allowing the farmers being financially able to provide the expensive machinery capable of turning out a high grade product. Benefiting from economies of scale, this enables both the transportation cost and production cost to be lowered. Secondly, plantations are also able to undertake greater scientific research and the eradication of pests and diseases. For example, one large sugar company in the former British colony of Guyana was able to employ a large research staff to produce a strain of sugar cane resistant to leaf-scald disease. Besides, government assistance has brought improved crop varieties, scientific research, new pesticides and fertilizers and effective marketing, The government of Papua New Guinea launched The Cape Hoskins Oil Palm Scheme to solve land disputes of many small holdings, strengthening national self-reliance. With increasing demand for the plantation, the employment rate of Papua New Guinea is greatly increased as there are more needs for personnel to manage crop growing and researching. Some crop processing and manufacturing industries are set up to satisfy the demand for crops. The farm productivity is increased as well. As people can earn more income from this kind of farming, this stimulates the rate of urbanization, hence the development of infrastructure and improvement of public facilities, such as roads, railways, ports, towns, schools, hospitals and the supply of electricity and water. As a result, the living standard of the labour is greatly improved. Despite the economic benefits, plantation farming somehow brings negative impacts to Papua New Guinea. First is the reliance upon the protected markets in Australia. At present, about one-third of the copra, 40 percent of the coffee, most of the cocoa and rubber is exported to Australia, which is assigned to admit duty free. In return, Papua New Guinea has to pay taxes for any imports. This leads to outflow of capital to foreign countries because this kind of farming is highly export-oriented. Second is the problem of labour. Plantations require large amount of cheap labour, but the wage rate is progressively higher because of the rising living standard and commercialization of the country. This increases the cost of production and thus reduces the competitiveness among other countries for the same kind of farming. Apart from this, the risk of crop failure is an important factor for consideration. As plantation agriculture is highly specialized. People highly rely on monoculture to earn a living. When the price of cash crops falls drastically or there is a sudden of crop failure, the income of farmers will fall as well. As a result, the earning of farmers tend to be unstable and badly affected the national income of Papua New Guinea. Besides, people have to import other necessities from other countries instead of planting within their own country, self-sufficiency cannot be achieved. In this way, there is no other source to safeguard the return of farmers. To overcome the negative impacts, crop diversification is a good method to reduce the over-reliance on certain types of cash crops. Ecologically, this method can also be beneficial to the environment. Since different types of crops are grown, the risk of crop failure decreases. This can stop the spread of diseases and pests for a particular type of crops. The population of pests decreases. This in turn reduces the use of pesticides. Hence, the chance of stream pollution is smaller, the sea organisms will not be poisoned or suffocated so easily, the nutrient flow can be more stable. There will be greater diversity of species of biomass, so the ecosystem will be more stable. Furthermore, diversification of crops increases the vegetation cover. There will be less surface runoff and soil erosion, yet infiltration increases. The nutrients of the soil can be preserved. Crop diversification also reduces the exhaustion of certain type of nutrients, fertility can be maintained and thus the use of fertilizer will be less common as well. Climatically, because of less crop failures, the amount of biomass increases. The evapotranspiration rate and wind speed can be more stable, so the microclimate can be maintained constant, the risk of global warming will not be getting serious so fast. In conclusion, plantation of cash crops is significant in Papua New Guinea for economic development. Though crop diversification may not be as profitable as plantation agriculture, ecological environment should not be ignored. In long-term, diversification of crops is a good way to safeguard the natural environment and brings more stable income to the farmers as well.

Water Soluble Vitamins for Poultry

Water Soluble Vitamins for Poultry The vitamins are a very important class of the nutrients. They play various important roles in the life cycle of any living-being. The absence or deficiency of the vitamins in poultry causes serious problems. The water soluble vitamins are very important sub-class of vitamins. In the poultry which can not synthesize these vitamins in their body these should be provided in the diets means these are dietary essential. The inclusion of the water soluble vitamins accurately, according to the needs of birds, production stage, physiological state of the birds and environmental conditions is very necessary to avoid the problems and to gain maximum performance because these vitamins are required by the birds in many systems including energy metabolism, growth, proper blood flow, development of skeleton, compensation of the stress, egg production, fertility, anti-oxidants for semen and proper development and viability of the growing embryos. It means these are not only important for current b irds but also their provision in an accurate way will ensure the next generation of the birds. Key words: roles, water soluble vitamins, poultry. Introduction The term vitamin was first used in 1912. Vitamins are a group of complex organic compounds which are present in minute amounts in natural feedstuffs. These are required for normal metabolism and the deficiency of these compounds in the feed causes deficiency diseases. The vitamins are divided into two groups depending upon their solubility i.e. Fat soluble vitamins which include Vitamin A, D, E and K. Water soluble vitamins which are Vitamin B-complex and vitamin C. The names, synonyms and the two classes i.e. fat and water soluble can be summarized as: Vitamin names Synonyms Fat soluble Vitamin A1 Retinol, retinal, retinoic acid Vitamin A2 Dehydroretinol Vitamin D2 Ergocalciferol Vitamin D3 Cholecalciferol Vitamin E Tocopherol, tocotrienols Vitamin K1 Phylloquinone Vitamin K2 Menaquinone Vitamin K3 Menadione Water soluble Thiamin Vitamin B1 Riboflavin Vitamin B2 Niacin Vitamin PP, Vitamin B3 Vitamin B6 Pyridoxol, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine Pantothenic acid Vitamin B5 Biotin Vitamin H, vitamin B8 Folic acid Folacin, folate, Vitamin M, Vitamin Bc, Vitamin B9 Vitamin B12 Cobalamin Choline Gossypine Vitamin C Ascorbic acid (Adopted from McDowell, 2004) Poultry and other monogastric animals are dependent on dietary sources of vitamins to a much greater degree than are ruminants. It is considered that animals with fully functional rumen can not suffer from a deficiency of vitamin B-complex. Vitamin B12 is unique in that it occurs in plant tissues as a result of microbial synthesis (McDowell, 2004). Thiamin (B1) is required to control appetite and reduces death rate, Riboflavin (B2) is responsible to control curly-toe paralysis, proper growth and proper egg production, Pantothenic acid(B5) is necessary for controlling dermatitis and improper lesions on the mouth and feet, Niacin (B3) is involved in proper confirmation of legs, tongue and mouth cavity, Choline ensures proper growth and proper egg production, Vitamin B12 is required to control anemia and to control early embryonic death, Folic acid (B9) is required for proper growth, controlling of anemia, proper feathering and proper egg production, Biotin (B8) is required to control d ermatitis o feet, around eyes and beak and Ascorbic acid(vitamin C) is required to normal growth and development, growth and repair of tissues, formation of collagen, cartilage, bones, avoid stresses and wound healing (Unknown, 2002). Vitamin C (vit C) is a water soluble antioxidant found in cytosol and extracellular fluids and it can directly scavenge super oxide hydroxyl radicals and single oxygen species (Clarkson and Thompson, 2000). It is thought to exert its effects on the immune system through the enhancement of neutrophil production and through protection of the cell against super oxide radical damage (Bendich et al., 1986). Under normal conditions birds can synthesize sufficient amounts of vit C (Roy and Guha, 1958), however in the stress conditions birds may require an external source of vit C (Meade S.M. 2004) to provide non-specific resistance against infections and overcome stress and therefore improving productivity (Pardue and Thaxton, 1985). The phagocyte activity is enhanced in the presence of vit C. There is a higher quantity of the superoxides found in the phagocytes when sufficient amounts of vit C are found and further increase in the level of vit C further increases the amount of free radicals in phagocytes (Scarpa et al., 1983; Som et al., 1983). Viral infections have been shown to cause a depletion of leukocyte ascorbate, which resulted in varying degrees of non-specific immunosuppression and a reduction in serum vit C concentration (Thomas and Holt, 1978; Bendich et al., 1986). The role of vit C in controlling of stress has been documented many a times. There was a proof that by providing external vit C source at a rate of 330ppm the blood levels of vit C are elevated (Nestor et al., 1972). Another study showed that a 1000ppm adding of vit C reduces exogenous cortisol related immunosuppression. Some studies have also reported that vit C decreases heat shock protein 70 and plasma corticosterone response in chicken subjected to cyclic heat stress (Mahmoud et al., 2003, 2004). Vitamin C supplementation in feed or water can also reduce the sensation of fear in the birds (Jones, R. B., 1996). Pardue and Thaxton (1986) documented the effects of supplementation with vit C on a number of characteristics including growth, reproductive performance, immunosuppression and mortality. It was also documented by Satterlee et al., 1989; Kutlu and Forbes, 1993a; McKee and Harrison, 1995) Poultry under intensive production systems are particularly susceptible to vit deficiencies so to avoid this poultry feeds are supplemented normally with B2, niacin, pantothenic acid, B12 and choline out of water soluble vitamins (Scott et all. 1982). It is to be noted that Thiamin, vitamin B6, biotin and folacin are mostly present in adequate quantities in the major ingredients such as corn-soybean meal-based diets and poultry can normally produce a sufficient amount of ascorbic acid by its own (McDowell, L. R. 2004). Vitamin needs of new strains developed for improved production are higher. Leg problems seen in fast growing strains of broilers can be corrected in part by higher levels of biotin, folacin, niacin and choline (Roche 1979). Stress and disease conditions in animals may increase the basic requirement for certain vitamins. Nutrient levels that are adequate for growth, feed efficiency, gestation and lactation may not be adequate for normal immunity and for maximizing the a nimals resistance to disease (Cunha 1985; Nockels et al. 1996). Diseases and microorganisms affecting the gastro intestinal tract reduce the absorption as well as the production of vitamins also the conditions affecting the G.I.T. cause a reduction in vitamin production and absorption i.e. diarrhea and vomiting (McDowell, L.R., 2004). Mycotoxins and internal bleeding in poultry also causes a reduced efficiency of vitamins (McDowell, L.R., 2004). Vitamin antagonists (antimetabolites) interfere with the activity of various vitamins (Oldsfield, 1987). Under commercial production a higher level of the vitamins is helpful for optimum production and performance this also helps in achieving best growth rates, feed utilization and health and in part also helps to increase body reserves (Coelho, 1996). The ascorbic acid acts as an antioxidant for the avian spermatozoa (Surai et all, 2001). Ascorbic acid supplementation enhances the ejaculation qualities of male fowl (Surai et all, 2001). In the hot and dry season offering the cold water supplemented with ascorbic acid increases weight gain and spleen but it will also cause a reduced size of wings (Abioja, et all, 2011). Classes of B-Complex Based on the functions the B-complex can be categorized into 3 classes, however some of the members fall into more than one class; Energy releasing Thiamine (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Pantothenic acid (B5), Piroxidine (B6), and Biotin. Hematopoietic Folic acid (B9), Cyanocobalamin (B12), Pantothenic acid (B5), and Piroxidine (B6). Other Thiamine (B1), Niacin (B3), Piroxidine (B6), Folic acid (B9), and Cyanocobalamin (B12). (Wilson, G. V.) Vitamin B-complex deficiencies Deficiency arises due to inadequate supplies of the vitamins and the signs develop over a time period. So if the vitamin levels provided are lower than the required levels then the classical deficiency signs will be seen in the birds. Generally the young and growing chicks are more prone to vitamin deficiencies and the developing embryo is the best model showing deficiencies of vitamins. Problems due to the B-complex deficiency arise quite abruptly and often seen in 5-7 days because there is a little storage of these in the body (Leeson, S. and J. D. Summers, 2001). In the researches carried out on poultry of different age groups it was shown that a deficiency in the availability of Thiamine (B1) caused a loss of appetite and increased death ratios (Poultry Health Services, 2009). Leeson, S. and J. D. Summers, 2001 stated that polyneuritis in the birds shows the later stages of thiamine deficiency which may arise due to the build up of the intermediates of carbohydrate metabolism. In mature birds it is seen approximately 3 weeks after they are being fed a thiamine deficient feed. Poultry may also suffer from neuromuscular problems, resulting in impaired digestion, general weakness, star gazing and frequent convulsions (Leeson, S. and J. D. Summers, 2001). A deficiency in the availability of Riboflavin (B2) caused increased occurrence in the curly toe paralysis, poor growth and poor egg production (Poultry Health Services, 2009). Many tissues especially epithelium and myelin sheath are affected due to feeding of a feed which is d4eficient in riboflavin and on postmortem the characteristic sign of riboflavin deficiency is marked enlargement of the sciatic and brachial nerve sheath with the sciatic nerve showing the most pronounced effects (Leeson, S. and J. D. Summers, 2001). A feeding programme with a deficient amount of Pantothenic acid (B5) is evident as occurrence of dermatitis and lesions on mouth and feet (Poultry Health Services, 2009). According to Leeson, S. and J. D. Summers, 2001 the major lesions due to deficiency of pantothenic acid involve nervous system, the adrenal cortex and the skin. Niacin (B3) deficiency is shown by bowed legs and inflammation of tongue and mouth cavity (Poultry Health Services, 2009). Leeson, S. and J. D. Summers, 2001 report that niacin deficiency is characterized by severe metabolic disorders of skin and digestive organs, signs being the loss of appetite, retarded growth, general weakness and diarrhea in the birds. A feeding programme having deficiency of pyridoxine (B6) is characterized by retarded growth, dermatitis, convulsions, anemia and there may also be reduced nitrogen retention (Leeson, S. and J. D. Summers, 2001). Choline deficiency is evident from poor growth, fatty liver, decreased egg production (Poultry Health Services, 2009). Leeson, S. and J. D. Summers, 2001 report the deficiency of choline in growing chicks is evident from poor growth and perosis. Cobalamin (B12) deficiency is shown by cases of anaemia, poor growth, embryonic mortality (Poultry Health Services, 2009). According to Leeson, S. and J. D. Summers, 2001 a deficiency of B12 in growing chicks showed decreased weight gain, decreased feed intake, poor feathering and poor nervous system. Folic acid (B9) deficiency is evident from poor growth, anaemia, poor feathering and poor egg production (Poultry Health Services, 2009). A deficiency of folic acid in the experimental birds caused macrocytic (megaloblastic) anemia and leukopenia i.e. reduced white blood cells (Leeson, S. and J. D. Summers, 2001). Biotin (B8) deficiency increases the dermatitis on feet and skin around eyes and beak (Unknown, 2004; Poultry Health Services, 2009; Roche 1979; Leeson, S. and J. D. Summers, 2001). The diseases and problem seen due to deficiencies of the water soluble vitamins in poultry can be summarized in the following table Deficient vitamin: Thiamine (B1) Evident deficiency signs: loss of appetite increased death ratios polyneuritis impaired digestion general weakness star gazing frequent convulsions Deficient vitamin:  Riboflavin (B2) Evident deficiency signs: curly toe paralysis poor growth poor egg production affected epithelium and myelin sheath Deficient vitamin:  Pantothenic acid (B5) Evident deficiency signs: dermatitis lesions on mouth and feet Deficient vitamin:  Niacin (B3) Evident deficiency signs: bowed legs inflammation of tongue and mouth cavity Loss of appetite retarded growth general weakness diarrhea Deficient vitamin:  pyridoxine (B6) Evident deficiency signs: retarded growth dermatitis convulsions anemia Choline poor growth fatty liver decreased egg production perosis Deficient vitamin:  Cobalamin (B12) Evident deficiency signs: anaemia poor growth embryonic mortality Decreased weight gain decreased feed intake poor feathering Poor nervous system. Deficient vitamin:  Folic acid (B9) Evident deficiency signs: poor growth anaemia poor feathering poor egg production leukopenia Deficient vitamin:  Biotin (B8) Evident deficiency signs: dermatitis on feet and skin around eyes and beak (Poultry Health Services, 2009; Roche 1979; Leeson, S. and J. D. Summers, 2001) Role of water soluble vitamins as Co-enzymes Riboflavin or vitamin B2 is a prosthetic part of over a dozen enzymes in the animal body including cytochromes reductase, lipoamide dehydrogenase, xanthine oxidase, L- and d-amino acid oxidase, histaminase and others all of which are vital for oxidation-reduction reactions involved in cell respiration (Leeson, S. and J. D. Summers, 2001). Niacin or nicotinic acid is important in more than 100 different enzymatic reactions (Rasmusson R.) It is the vitamin component in two important enzymes i.e. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) reported by Leeson, S. and J. D. Summers, 2001. Pantothenic acid (B5) is the prosthetic group of coenzyme A, an important coenzyme involved in many reversible acetylation reactions in carbohydrate, fat and amino acid metabolism (Leeson, S. and J. D. Summers, 2001). Biotin (B8) is an essential co-enzyme in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism (Leeson, S. and J. D. Summers, 2001). Vitamin B12 is an essential part of several enzyme systems, with most reactions involving the synthesis of one carbon units i.e. methyl groups (Leeson, S. and J. D. Summers, 2001). Role of Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in birds under stressful conditions The efficacy of supplementing birds with vitamin C under stressful conditions depends upon its ability to elevate plasma vitamin C (Pardue et al., 1984). Nestor et al., (1972) reported that 330ppm vitamin C elevated blood vitamin C. Pardue et al., (1984) reported that vitamin C supplementation at a rate of 250ppm increased plasma vitamin C concentrations in broilers. But Sell et all in 1997 found that 300 mg/kg vitamin C was unable to increase plasma vitamin C levels. Kolb (1984) strongly suggested that supplemental vitamin C should be provided in poultry and livestock diets as a stress alleviator. Hill and Garren (1958) agreed and stated that vitamin C was an essential nutrient in chickens experiencing stress. Vitamin C supplementation at 300 mg/kg was able to decrease plasma corticosterone in stressed birds. These responses are supported by research suggesting that vitamin C suppresses adrenocortical steroidogenesis and depresses plasma corticosterone levels, therefore limiting som e of the deleterious responses associated with stress and delays the depletion of steroid hormone precursors (Pardue et al., 1985; Gross, 1992; Kutlu and Forbes, 1993). The action of vitamin C on adrenal steroidogenesis is associated with its ability to inhibit adrenal steroid hydroxylating enzymes (Kitabchi, 1967). Supplementation with 300 mg/kg of ascorbic acid resulted in a significant increase in plasma vitamin C throughout the experiment when compared to the Un-Supplemented birds (Meade, S.M., 2004). There is limited research examining the effects of vitamin C on lymphocyte subset populations in chickens. However, those experiments that have been demonstrated the effects of vitamin C on lymphocyte populations in association with disease or vaccination (Wu et al., 2000). The effect of dietary vitamin C supplementation is still controversial however vitamin C supplementation at 300 mg/kg alleviated stress-induced affects (Meade, S.M., 2004). These physiological and immunological findings suggest that vitamin C may be an anti-stress agent and may be an essential nutrient in poultry when poults are subjected to stressful conditions (Meade, S.M., 2004). Ascorbic acid as an anti oxidant for avian spermatozoa Ascorbic acid or vitamin c is water soluble anti oxidant present at high molar concentrations in spermatozoa and seminal plasma in a large number of animals. In poultry its concentration in semen averages 210 +-16.4microM (Surai et all 1986b). On a molar basis this concentration was more than 2.5 times higher than glutathione and more than 100 fold higher than alpha-tocopherol. Ascorbic acid was found almost equally distributed between spermatozoa and seminal plasma (Surai et all 1986b). This data was very useful in the development of an idea that vit. C plays an important role as a water soluble anti oxidant in the avian seminal plasma (Surai et all, 2001). Ascorbic acid effect on ejaculation quality of male Fowl Monsi and Onitchi in 1991 reported that fowl males housed under hot and humid conditions and supplemented with ascorbic acid showed a better overall ejaculation quality i.e. semen volume, motile sperm proportion and sperm number per ejaculate. The reported ascorbic acid supplementation level was 500mg/kg. However sperm motility was not affected. Dietary supplementations of ascorbic acid had the effects on semen of rainbow trout reflected by increased sperm motility and decreased decline in fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa after storage (Ciereszko and Dabrowski, 2000). A protective role of ascorbic acid in maintaining the sperm quality was also reported by Ciereszko and Dabrowski in 1996. However the low dietary levels of vitamin E and C (ascorbic acid) had no effects on the spermatozoa in mice rather the increased and higher supplementary levels decreased the number of spermatozoa/mg epididymis and increased the percentage of spermatozoa with misshapen heads (Ten et all, 1997). Role of ascorbic acid in weight gain A study was carried out in SW Nigeria on a group of broiler chicken. The birds were divided into four groups after the age of three weeks. A group was given cold water without any ascorbic acid and other group was given cold water with supplementation of ascorbic acid. Similarly two groups were made for normal unchilled water with and without ascorbic acid provision. The results of study showed a marked superior growth of breast meat and spleen in the group provided with cold water and ascorbic acid. However there was no affect of ascorbic acid supplementation on the growth parameters of the birds in any of the four groups. In addition there was a decreased wing length seen in these birds. The reason for this phenomenon to happen is that in hot climatic conditions a lot of the energy is wasted in panting and when cold water is provided the birds feel comfort and there is less panting seen. Also in stress corticosteroids are released which further decrease the weight gain. By providin g cold water these both conditions are avoided so better results are obtained. The cold water resulted in an overall more weight gain weekly and finally more live weight however decreased wing length, the vitamin c had no effect on the growth however it increased the breast meat and the spleen in birds, (Abioja, et all, 2011). Role of water soluble vitamins in Energy metabolism The transformation of dietary energy sources, such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins into cellular energy in the form of ATP requires several micronutrients as coenzymes and cofactors of enzymatic reactions, as structural components of enzymes and mitochondrial cytochromes, and as active electron and proton carriers in the ATP-generating respiratory chain(Groff et all, 1996, Depeint et all, 2006): (i) thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP; vitamin B1), CoA (containing pantothenic acid), flavin mononucleotide (FMN; derived from vitamin B2), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD; derived from vitamin B2) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD; derived from nicotinamide) are involved in the Krebs cycle and complexes I and II of the respiratory chain; (ii) biotin, CoA and FAD are involved in haem biosynthesis, which is an essential part of the cytochromes and important for the latter part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain; (iii) succinyl-CoA can feed into either the respiratory chain or the Krebs cycle depending on the needs of the cell. Depeint et all, in 2006 confirmed the essential role of vitamins B6, B12 and folate in maintaining the mitochondrial one-carbon transfer cycles by regulating mitochondrial enzymes. The same authors also emphasized the essential role of the B vitamin family in maintaining mitochondrial energy metabolism and how mitochondria in their role as the cellular organelles responsible for energy metabolism are compromised by a deficiency of any B vitamin (Depeint et all, 2006). Table given here summarizes the present state of knowledge with regard to the role or roles of individual water soluble vitamins in energy metabolism (adopted from Institute of medicine, 1998). Vitamins Function in energy metabolism Thiamine (B1) Essential cofactor in the conversion of carbohydrates to energy. Needed for normal muscle function, including the heart muscle. Involved in oxidative carboxylation reactions, which also require manganese ions. Riboflavin (B2) As a cofactor in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, helps in the release of energy from foods. Component of the main coenzymes FAD and FMN. Nicotinic acid, niacin (B3) As a cofactor in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, helps in the release of energy from foods. Transformed into NAD and NADP, which play a key role in oxidation -reduction reactions in all cells. Pyridoxine (B6) Helps in the release of energy from foods. Used as a cofactor by nearly 100 enzymatic reactions, mainly in protein and amino acid metabolism. Vitamin B12 Essential for metabolism of fats and carbohydrates and the synthesis of proteins. Interacts with folic acid metabolism. Biotin As a cofactor, involved in metabolism of fatty acids, amino acids and utilization of B vitamins. Pantothenic acid Plays an essential role in the Krebs cycle. Component of coenzyme A. Vitamin C Essential for synthesis of carnitine (transports long-chain fatty acids into  (Ascorbic acid) mitochondria) and the catecholamines, adrenaline and noradrenaline. Ascorbic acid facilitates transport and uptake of non-haem iron at the mucosa, the reduction of folic acid intermediates, and the synthesis of cortisol. Potent antioxidant. Folic acid Folates function as a family of cofactors that carry one-carbon (C1) units required for the synthesis of thymidylate, purines and methionine, and required for other methylation reactions. Folate is essential for metabolic pathways involving cell growth, replication and survival of cells in culture. Around 30 50% of cellular folates are located in the mitochondria. Toxicity arising due to water soluble vitamins Toxicities arise due to over supplementation levels or more inclusion rates of the nutrients. Generally the toxicity of the water soluble vitamins is not seen in the birds because of the reason that these vitamins have a very minimal storage in the body. If the inclusion rate of vitamin B-complex is at least 100x than the required level, it tends to cause toxicity in the poultry. Vitamin C, E and Biotin are moderately toxic, potentially causing problems at 20-30x the normal inclusion levels. Toxicity of vitamins administered in the drinking water is quite rare because the birds are reluctant to drink such fortified water (Leeson, S. and J. D. Summers, 2001). Conclusion From above discussion it can be concluded that the water soluble vitamins play many important roles in the poultry life including proper growth, production, weight gain, egg production, immunity, proper conformity, proper functioning, avoiding of stress due to many origins, proper feathering, proper skin condition and proper embryo development. The water soluble vitamins are required in the metabolism, in the oxidation and reduction reactions as coenzymes which mean these are vital for the survival of the animals. These also enhance the quality of the ejaculation in male fowl as well a act as antioxidants for the avian spermatozoa ensuring the fertility and avoiding deformities in the semen of poultry. The water soluble vitamin family member, ascorbic acid is also involved in extra gain of the breast meat which is most liked part of chicken meat in general.

Traumatic Brain Injury Issues among the Maori

Traumatic Brain Injury Issues among the Maori Michelle Anastacio Introduction Traumatic Brain Injury is one of the health issues that Maori people face nowadays. Traumatic brain injury or TBI is caused by a blow or by a traumatic shock to the head or body. The extent of harm may vary on numerous aspects, including how it occured and the severity of impact. According to Brain Injury Support, 90 New Zealanders per day, suffer from mild to severe brain injury and most of them doesn’t seek medical attention. In New Zealand, the large population that suffer from this injury are Moari clients and the most common causes of traumatic brain injury are falls, vehicular accidents and assult. The issue on TBI cases is not only for the increasing mortality rate for children but with the consequences of non-fatal TBI cases for adults as well. Abstract Traumatic head or brain injury is one of the leading cause of fatality and hospitalisation among rich and fast growing countries like New Zealand. This is more prevalent among Maori and Pacific children. This paper aims to help New Zealanders specially Maori clients to be more aware of the importance of seeking medical treatment after accidents that may result to serious head trauma. This is also to promote the existing practices and provisions that are accessible to Maoris and other ethnic group. This will help the healthcare providers check for improvements on health services concerning trauma and how they can better serve the Maori people. Topic Definition Traumatic Brain Injury is best define as an injury acquired from severe jolt or impact to the head that cause brain dysfunction. This type of injury is commonly a result of a violent blow on the head, an object that penetrates the head like a bullet, accidents like fall and vehicular accidents. It may as well include one or more of the following factors; damage to brain cells just below the area of the impact, multiple joint damage that caused the brain to move backwards and forward, bleeding in or around the brain,swelling or blod clot and unrepairable damage to brain cells caused by an explosive device. People that are more susceptible to TBI are newborns to four years of age, young adults between 15 to 24 and elderly aging 75 and older. The sign and symptoms of Traumatic Brain Injury or TBI depends on the level of trauma. TBI can be classified as mild, moderate to severe categories. The common physical symptoms of mild TBI are; loss of conciousness for few minutes, being dazed, confused or disoriented, headache,nausea and vomitting and change on sleep pattern.This can be associated by mental issues like agitation, sensitivity to light and sound. They may also display cognitive issues such as memory and concentration problem, mood changes and depression.Where as mild TBI clients may show signs like, persistent headaches that worsens, repeat nausea and vomitting, seizures,dilation of one or both pupils, appearance of clear fluid on nose or ears, numbness or weakness of fingers and toes. Cognetive or mental symptoms such as agitation, unusual behavior, slurred speech, coma or other disorders of conciousness. Although TBI can be categorized into 3 stages depending on their signs and symptoms, it is still essential to co nsult or visit a doctor. The term mild or moderate doesn’t mean a client is safe or won’t suffer any other consequences in the future. Traumatic Brain Injury can cause a person to have difficulty with social interaction and may have family relationship problems if not treated or was not given a proper attention. Traumatic Brain Injury can lead to several complications if its’ not assessed and treated correctly. TBI can lead to distorted conciousness like coma, locked in syndrome and brain death. It can also cause seizures, fluid build up infection for those who have skull breakage and damaged on brain cells or nerves that can lead to paralysis of face. The test and assessment of TBI is done with the aid of Glasgow Coma Scale. This scale helps healthcare professional to assess the severity of the injury. Further tests like computerized tomorgraphy scan or what we commonly call â€Å"CT Scan† and Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides a detailed view of the brain for healthcare personnel to rapidly see any signs of TBI. Significance of the Discussion Since the number of Maori clients who suffer from traumatic brain injury is increasing and most of them don’t seek medical treatment or are not aware of how traumatic brain injury can affect their lives as well as how and what help they get from New Zealand Government. There are concerns that expalin on why traumatic brain injury among Maori is significant. Currently, the statistics of TBI cases here in New Zealand are still inaccurate due to the fact that some of the healthcare providers don’t have the proper coding of the injury. There are times that mild TBI injuries don’t seek further medical attention whick means there’s a huge possibility that they won’t make ACC claims and won’t be identified by ACC. Among children, unintentional head injuries are the leading cause of death in New Zealand specifically for children aging 1 to 14 years old. On the other hand, non-fatal head injuries cause a huge impact not only to the childs’ life but their families as well. The family members’ level of stress and accessibility of trauma services are the main concern. Adults, according to different studies 91% of Maori prisoners here in New Zealand suffered at least 1 head injury in their lives. The issue of Maori offenders in relation to behaviour issues that somehow connected to traumatic brain injury is increasing. Traumatic Brain Injury can incorporate serious public safety risks. Since, brain trauma can affect the behaviour of an individual, the Department of Corrections now provides programmes that supports the rehabilitation and corrections of any cognitive and mental issues of prisoners with TBI. These programmes aim to reduce the re offenders specially among Maori. It also essential that health care services will be well equiped and develop strategies to empower Maoris with the relevant oral and written information to cope with the difficulties brought by traumatic brain injuries. Barriers in improving services for Traumatic Brain Injury Though New Zealand Government and Ministry of Health know the importance of making sure that TBI clients get the proper attention, barriers to implement the procedures is one of the aspect that needs to be addressed. The Kaitiaki and Pacific Support is a group that helps Maori and Pacific Islanders by providing them with practical and emotional support. The main issue that they face in providing provision is the limit when it comes to their budget because they don’t have their own funds or resources and they often need to get an approval from social workers. There are times that families are hesitant to approach or accept help from Kaitiaki and Pacific Support because they mistake them as social workers and Maoris and Pacific are worried that they might take their child away. Language barrier is another factor why Maori and other ethnicity like Pacific don’t get the right help for a family member with TBI. These ethnic group are often cautious of their confidentiality. They think that if they’ll get an interpreter their privacy will be snatch from them. Another barrier that is connected to language is gathering the correct information. The key workers of the Kaitiaki and Pacific Support knows the significance of accurate information to ensure that the TBI client and family members are given the correct support,treatment and rehabilitation. Precise data not only save the clients and their family from wrong treatment but it also helps the healthcare personnels and be certain that the client and family members understand what needs to be done and the process of rehabilitation to accelerate the clients’ recovery. Printed or written information like booklets that are given to parents and children also needs to be comprehensive, to ensure they grasp the facts that they need. The increasing population and healthcare provision demands influence the delivery of health and disability services as well. Shortage on healthcare personnels and poor staff continuity becomes a burden. The process of transferring of a TBI client from one healthcare provision to another, from one hospital to other facility and the collection and administration of care methods from one staff to another. There are also times where family members are frustrated that they need to repeat the same information to differen healthcare professional staffs and they receive conflicting data from different health personnels that confuses them. The last difficulty that most client and families experience are the issues they undergo after hospital discharge. Since in most cases where TBI was classified as mild trauma, it is often overlooked by healthcarers that parents or guardians are not yet equiped with enough knowledge to handle or provide the proper care that the client needs. This can affect the speed or process of the clients’ recovery or can even worsen the situation. Current Best Practice to manage Traumatic Brain Injury in New Zealand The current practice in New Zealand to manage Traumatic Brain Injuries are the acute phase provision and rehabilitation. In most cases, TBI clients are cared by general practioners, emergency departments, accidents and medical provisions, ambulances, sport coaches and teachers at schools. Any suspected serious brain injuries are assessed in the nearest hospitals that provide services for assessment and treatment immediate results of TBI. There are still small number of TBI clients who are trasnported to tertiary hospitals for neurosurgical procedures. Most cases are assessed in the Emergency Department where patients are not admitted or only stay in the hospital for a short period or time. The next stage of TBI management is rehabilitation. There are several range of rehabilitation available in all major centers in New Zealand. The rehabilitation depends on the care the client needs. Clients who suffered from mild TBI are given assessment and Residential rehabilitation. This type of service provides support for mild TBI clients at the comfort of their own home. The aim of this programme is to help clients gain their maximum independence. There are DBH and Non DHB provisions that operates in New Zealand to support people with mild TBI for an early and timely assessment and rehab. Nowadays, there are seven concussion clinics in New Zealand for clients with mild TBI. On the other hand, people with moderate to severe TBI can access Non- Residential Rehabilitation. ACC offer two provisions for clients with severe TBI. These are Active Rehabilitation and Residential Support Services. Active Rehabilitation Services means client with moderate serious TBI are being cared in a community based facility. These are for clients that are medically stable but need support due to their cognitive or physical disabilitites. This service is not age specified except the Wilson Center that only caters TBI cases among children. The aim of this provision is to help clients to eventually re-enter or to go back to community. The duration of care on this type of rehabilitation may varry from few weeks to few months. Residential Support Services let clients to live in a home like environment as they get medical assistance 24 hours a day. This provision offer care for those who have serious TBI and are expected to recover on long period of time. The goal of this rehabilitation is to encourage independence while maintaining a safe environment for people who can’t live independently due to the consequences of TBI. This type of of rehabilitation is also called as â€Å"slow-stream† rehabilitation. Clients in these type of rehab are not necessarily expected to improve their levels of independence in a rapid or fast phase. Healthcare professional in this setting supports not only the medical needs of the clients but the physical and emotional needs as well. This provision is not maily focus on severe cases of TBI but for those who are unable to rehabilitate to the society. This type of rehab is only accessible to New Zealand residents who are under 65 years old and doesn’t have a l ong term disability that is not covered by ACC. Recently, a new project to best handle TBI rehabilitation was created. The Traumatic Brain Injury Residential Rehabilitation (TBIRR) project. This project replaced the Active Rehab services and Residential Rehab services. TBIRR have 3 vendors that brings a more qualified and rapid interventions. The North and upper South islands of NZ have two sites in Auckland and Wellington. The Canterbury and West Coast have a center based in Christchurch which is the Laura Ferguson Trust and the ISIS Center which is located in Dunedin covers the lower South Islands. According to Mr. Miller, â€Å"The new service recognises that early, intensive rehabilitation is crucial to a successful recovery, but the support provided must also be individually tailored and reflect clients’ changing needs as they become less dependent on full-time care.† Best Practice to manage the issues related to Traumatic Brain Injury Ministry of Health conducted researches and surveys to identify the gaps or rooms for improvent in providing care for trauma cases. According to MOH, the survey suggested that a specialisation in Traumatic Brain Injury will be the best practice to properly address the treatment and rehabilitation issues. More consumers supported the idea that it will be better if there will be TBI experts that will focus on TBI clients’ needs rather than the convenient widespread services that healthcare facilities currently offer. However, New Zealand healthcare providers are still reluctant to follow this practice because it suggests â€Å"centralization†. â€Å"References: Cavit, M. and Foster, A., (n.d.). Traumatic brain injuries among Corrections populations: implications and intervention strategies. Rectived from http://www.rethinking.org.nz/assets/Newsletter_pdf/Issue_81/06 TBI in Corrections Populations NZ 2010.pdf . Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014. Disease and Conditions. Traumatic Brain Injury. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/traumatic-brain-injury/basics/prevention/con-20029302. Ameratunga, S. , Abel, S. , Tin tin, S. , Asiasiga, L. , Milne, S. and Crengle, S. (2010). Biomed Central. BMC Health Services Research Article, Children addmitted to hospital following unintentional injury: persperctives of health providers in Aoteroa/ New Zealand. New Zealand Guidelines Group (NZGG) , 2007. Evidence- Based Best Practice Guidline. Traumatic Brain Injury: Diagnosis, Acute Management and Rehabilitation. The Brain Injury Association of New Zealand Inc. Brain Injury New Zealand. [Online] 2007. [Cited: Feb 17, 2010.] http://www.brain-injury.org.nz Ministry of Health. Tatau Kahukura: Maori Health Chart Book, Public Health Intelligence Monitoring Report No. 5. Wellington : Ministry of Health, 2006 Well Said, 2013. New approach aims to enhance rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury. Retrieved from http://wellsaid.co.nz/noticeboard/notices/new-approach-aims-to-enhance-rehabilitation-after-traumatic-brain-injury/†

Essay --

Brooke Johnson Russ Tallchief Comp 1 T 530-800 18 February 2014 When I Grow Up I started showing an interest in nursing when I was about six years old, from all the stories my aunt told about being a Registered Nurse. When Greys Anatomy began airing in 2005, I decided I wanted to be like all those doctors. I wanted to wear the scrubs, and have a bunch of interns that listened to every word I spoke and always did as I said. Of course, I never knew then that by 19 years old, I would actually be attending college and majoring in nursing. As high school seniors we sat through plenty of lectures about choosing a major and a university. I think that was when I really decided I wanted to eventually become a Registered Nurse and major in nursing. Once I decided what I wanted to major in, I began thinking about specialties. There are hundreds of different specialties you could choose from, such as: Cardiac Care Nurse, Health Policy Nurse, Genetics Nurse, Forensic Nurse, Toxicology Nurse, School Nurse, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, and many more. Out of all of the specialties I could have chosen I decided to become a PNP, which stands for Pediatric Nurse Practitioner. I know the steps you have to take to become a Registered Nurse, but I would like to know information about becoming a PNP. In the research I have done, I have found out a lot of stuff I did not know before which has made me even more excited to become a Pediatric Nurse. A Pediatric Nurse is a nurse for infants all the way up to 17 year olds. Once you turn 18, you no longer go to a pediatric doctor/nurse since at 18 years of age you are legally considered an adult. â€Å"A Pediatric Nurse Practitioner is a professional nurse trained to recognize differences between adults ... ...leted it should not be overly difficult to find a job. I will finally be helping children and families, like I have dreamed of doing since I was little. â€Æ' Works Cited Bomhak, Terri. Registered Nurse. Telephone. 15 February 2014. Rodgers, Chelsea. Pulmonology Nurse. Personnel Interview. 19 February 2014. "Degree Requirements: Bachelor of Science." School of Nursing. Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 2014. Web. 22 Feb. 2014. . Greenwood, Beth. "Facts About Pediatric Nurse Practitioners." Chron. Demand Media, 2014. Web. 22 Feb. 2014. . "Nurse Practitioner Programs." Nurse Practitioner Programs. N.p., 07 Nov. 2011. Web. 18 Feb. 2014. .

Acid Rain :: science

Acid Rain INTRODUCTION: Acid rain is a great problem in our world. It causes fish and plants to die in our waters. As well it causes harm to our own race as well, because we eat these fish, drink this water and eat these plants. It is a problem that we must all face together and try to get rid of. However acid rain on it's own is not the biggest problem. It cause many other problems such as aluminum poisoning. Acid Rain is deadly. WHAT IS ACID RAIN? Acid rain is all the rain, snow, mist etc that falls from the sky onto our planet that contains an unnatural acidic. It is not to be confused with uncontaminated rain that falls, for that rain is naturally slightly acidic. It is caused by today's industry. When products are manufactured many chemicals are used to create it. However because of the difficulty and cost of properly disposing of these products they are often emitted into the atmosphere with little or no treatment. The term was first considered to be important about 20 years ago when scientists in Sweden and Norway first believed that acidic rain may be causing great ecological damage to the planet. The problem was that by the time that the scientist found the problem it was already very large. Detecting an acid lake is often quite difficult. A lake does not become acid over night. It happens over a period of many years, some times decades. The changes are usually to gradual for them to be noticed early. At the beginning of the 20th century most rivers/lakes like the river Tovdal in Norway had not yet begun to die. However by 1926 local inspectors were noticing that many of the lakes were beginning to show signs of death. Fish were found dead along the banks of many rivers. As the winters ice began to melt off more and more hundreds upon hundreds more dead fish (trout in particular) were being found. It was at this time that scientist began to search for the reason. As the scientists continued to work they found many piles of dead fish, up to 5000 in one pile, further up the river. Divers were sent in to examine the bottom of the rivers. What they found were many more dead fish. Many live and dead specimens were taken back to labs across Norway.

Genre Defense of Shakespeare’s ”As You Like It” Essay

â€Å"As You Like It represents, together with Much Ado About Nothing and Twelfth Night, the summation of Shakespeare’s achievement in festive, happy comedy during the years 1598-1601,† proclaims David Bevington his The Complete Works of Shakespeare (288). Bevington is obviously not the first editor to have categorized Shakespeare’s plays. In fact, part of the plays’ popularity might be based upon the fact that audiences know what to expect when they begin viewing the productions. For example, As You Like It’s title hints that audiences should expect the play to end happily. This play’s name is not, however, all that helps classify it as a comedy. Every element of the play drips with comedic elements, as Shakespeare characteristically critiques love, while highlighting the pastoral motif. The theme of the play is an obvious remark on its classification. Shakespeare exploits literary convention by mocking the foolishness love generates in us all. Kenneth Muir, in Shakespeare’s Comic Sequence, declares, â€Å"His [Shakespeare’s] lovers-Rosalind, Orlando, Celia, Oliver and Phoebe-would all make answer to Marlowe’s question ‘Who ever loved that loved not at first sight?’ with a chorus of ‘No one.'(88)† Each of the characters do and say impulsive things based solely on emotion. The Forest of Arden gives the characters freedom to act in such silly manners. Once their love relationships have been realized in marriage, the couples can prepare to return to the order, and presumably reason, of the court. The plot of As You Like It centers on the love relationships of four couples. Made up of the lovers’ stories and the story of the overthrown Duke Senior, who has fled into the Forest of Arden, the plot is quite complex. It centers on the movement of the characters from the court to the forest and then readying themselves to return to court. The play begins with the instantaneous falling in love of Rosalind and Orlando at court and the nearly simultaneous retreat of each into the Forest of Arden, due to Duke Frederick’s sudden disdain for Rosalind and Oliver’s intention to kill Orlando. The plotline continues with Rosalind disguised as Ganymede, a boy, blocking Rosalind and Orlando’s love. The plot moves from disorder to order, though, and the play concludes with a typical comic ending: a marriage ceremony. The marriage masque further solidifies the play’s comedic classification. Helen Gardner notes in her article that the masque of Hymen returns order as it is able â€Å"to end the whole with courtly grace and dignity. This is an image of civility and true society, for Hymen is a god of cities† (59). A song sung at the wedding feast declares Hymen’s dominion over towns: â€Å"Tis Hymen peoples every town / High wedlock then be honored. / Honor, high honor and renown / To Hymen, god of every town!† (Shakespeare, V. iv. 142-145). Furthermore, the scene accounts for all of the characters happy state: Rosalind and Orlando have finally overcome all obstacles to be united; Oliver and Celia are able to immediately marry and Oliver has changed his ways; Silvius finally obtains Phoebe’s love; Touchstone and Audrey are married; and Duke Frederick has repented and joined a monastery, leaving Duke Senior to assume his rightful throne. All problems have been resolved, which leaves no room for arguing that the play is a comedy. The characters also prove that the play has been appropriately classified. The different lovers demonstrate stereotypical kinds of love. Commentator Kenneth Muir remarks, â€Å"In As You Like It different kinds of love are examined-the lust of Touchstone, the self-love of Jacques, the pride and vanity of Phoebe, and the sentimental idealism of Orlando-and all are found wanting† (91). The central relationship is between Rosalind and Orlando, whom Bertrand Evans describes as â€Å"the brightest of Shakespeare’s bright heroines† and â€Å"the least conscious of his unconscious heroes† (92). Orlando seems a typical jock. He wrestles Charles in the court and then falls hopelessly in love with Rosalind-so hopelessly in love that he, despite being a poor poet, carves Rosalind’s name and poems about her into tree trunks. Although Oliver has denied him a gentleman’s education, he is a noble character, who is loyal to his servant Adam, brave enough to fight Charles, and loving when speaking about his beloved Rosalind. Nonetheless, Orlando must have some naivetà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ in order for Rosalind to continue fooling him. Evans expounds, â€Å"Despite the deserved praise which Oliver heaps upon Orlando [†¦,] Orlando is exposed repeatedly in situations of which the truth eludes him. [†¦] His abrupt disposal of Charles the wrestler; his first tongue-tied meeting with Rosalind; his sword-brandishing, valiant, but frightfully unaware entrance to demand food of Duke Senior-all these are parts of the preparation.† (92-3) Orlando’s good intentions are mocked somewhat by his actions. Rosalind is also a good person, as is evident in her devotion to Celia, her father, and Orlando. However, Rosalind’s disguise leads to some humorous scenes as the (at least, original) audience is aware of the fact that, as Muir describes, when Ganymede is helping Orlando, â€Å"We have a boy pretending to be a woman, pretending to be a boy, pretending to be a boy, pretending to be a woman, satirising feminine behaviour† (90). Her disguise provides numerous incongruities as the audience continues to see the male Ganymede in opposition to Rosalind. Taking on a masculine role helps Rosalind to develop inner strength. In fact, Diane Dreher explains in her analysis of androgynous Shakespearean characters that â€Å"Rosalind’s disguise enables her to examine Orlando’s motives, allowing her to say and do things that traditional feminine modestly would not permit† (121). Despite her depth of character, the audience is constantly aware of her super objective : to marry Orlando. This goal in and of itself is a romantic convention that cannot be ignored. While Oliver and Duke Frederick appear as antagonistic characters in the beginning scenes when they are at court, both make a turn around after entering the forest. Shakespeare utilizes a romantic convention, the sudden conversion of a villain, to further illuminate the plays comedic nature. When Orlando rescues Oliver from a lioness, Oliver finds favor in his younger brother, and the two are reunited. Oliver and Orlando’s brother Jacques explains that Duke Frederick has changed: â€Å"And to the skirts of this wild wood [Duke Frederick] came, / Where, meeting with an old religious man, / After some question with him, was converted / Both from his enterprise and from the world, / His crown bequeathing to his banished brother, / And all their lands restored to them again / That were with him exiled.† (Shakespeare, V. iv. 158-164). Entering the woods leads the characters to become better people. The characters language, although sometimes a bit poetic, is rather common. The play’s pastoral elements make prose a more likely language choice. In fact, Dr. Sharron Cassavant, professor of English at Northeastern University has calculated that 54.5 percent of the plays 2, 636 lines are written in prose. The opening scene, exposition in conversation between Orlando and Adam, is entirely prose. Rosalind and Celia also interchange in prose. Prose dominates the dialogue between the lovers. Rhymed verse is generally used when Orlando attempts to write poems about his beloved Rosalind. Blank verse, a higher form, is used most often by Jacques, but Duke Senior also utilizes to proclaim the good that nature has offered him. In this critique of love, blank verse is reserved most often for use by those characters unaffected by love. The language lends itself to the play’s love-at-first-sight theme in that the lovers do not have time to organize their thoughts in a collected wa y, but rather speak whatever first enters their mind. The play appeals to the comedic audience visually and aurally as well. Most notably, Rosalind’s disguise allows the audience, aware of the fact that the boy they see pretending to be a woman is actually the woman he is pretending to be, to laugh at the incongruities of Orlando’s pretend love for and Phoebe’s real love for Ganymede. The disguise also presents funny sounds as Rosalind’s voice must change depending on the character she is playing. The other pastoral characters also lend country-bumpkin accents to the plays aural elements, as they are less sophisticated than the courtly characters. As You Like It could not be more comedic. Each of the plays elements presents stereotypical characteristics of comedy. Shakespeare obviously knew the requirements of each genre and managed to control those requirements while never ceasing to dazzle his audience. His works were all as we like them. Works Cited Bevington, David. Introduction to As You Like It. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. By Bevington. NY: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc., 1997. 288-91. Cassavant, Sharron. As You Like It Main page. Introduction to Shakespeare. Course Website. Dept. of English, Northeastern University. 11 December 2004 . Dreher, Diane Elizabeth. Domination and Defiance: Fathers and Daughters in Shakespeare. Lexington, KY: The University Press of Kentucky, 1986. [OBU] Evans, Bertrand. Shakespeare’s Comedies. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1960. [OBU] Gardner, Helen. â€Å"As You Like It.† Shakespeare the Comedies: A Collection of Critical Essays, Ed. Kenneth Muir. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.,1965.

Eve Teasing in Pakistan

Report Title The Condition of Eve Teasing in the Liberty Market and the DHA Commercial Areas of Lahore Course Title BBA English Submitted To Submitted By Date of submission November 27, 2010 Executive summary Introduction Eve teasing is basically the act of harassing a woman publicly, passing vulgar remarks and essentially making her feel uncomfortable to stroll freely in a public place. Background Eve teasing dates far back to the time when the world started being liberal and ever since women got their rights back in the early 90’s and generally became open in terms of them working and being an active member of the society.Purpose To highlight the alarming condition of eve teasing in the main commercial areas of Lahore, namely the gulberg Liberty market and the H and Y block markets of DHA. To shed light on the main issues pertaining from the act of eve teasing. Method Through a questionnaire circulated amongst the people and interviewing the shop owners and authorities of th e aforementioned areas. Conclusion We concluded that women of the age group (18-25 years), were majorly teased on public transports, and usually by men in groups rather than a single male.And also that there are no real measures taken as yet to end this menace or to deal with the defaulters. Recommendations To spread awareness that eve teasing is an actual issue in our society. This would really help in targeting the issue at the root so that the upcoming generations can be groomed accordingly.1. Introduction1. 1 Background Since this is an Islamic country, â€Å"sexual Harassment† is not a topic that can be discussed openly. Hence the term â€Å"eve-teasing† came into being. It is used widely in major Asian countries too of which Pakistan is seriously affected by this problem.Eve-teasing is basically the act of harassing women in public which is usually done by groups of young men in public places, primary hangout spots, bus stops, in actual busses/trains, in workplac es and basically anywhere a girl has the liberty to walk around freely. This act started ever since women became liberal and started being an active member of the society by working jobs, getting an education etc. Many men feel threatened by this, and feel that eve-teasing is the easiest way to put a woman in her place.Some do it because of this very reason, some do it to satisfy their inner urges and some just plainly do it as a recreational activity. Movies and TV often present eve teasing or stalking as mode of convincing the beautiful tender females to accept love proposals, and we don’t really have a scarcity of hopeless romantics. Women are often criticized for ‘inviting' molesters by their ‘seductive' way of dressing and make-up. This might be right in some cases and wrong in many. It’s true that they dress openly at times but this is the 21st century and all of us should be open minded but sadly that is not at all the case.The teasing can be verbal teasing i. e passing indecent remarks about the target victims or non verbal teasing which includes winks, hand gestures and staring/leering at the victims. It can also be a form of physical teasing such as cornering the victim, blocking their path, ping or groping the victim. It is common sight in a public recreational area where u see a single girl or a group of girls waiting for their cars or having a casual discussion, and suddenly a car stops beside them offering them a ride, teasing them and passing crude remarks.The girls are left helpless and humiliated and in no position to do anything about it.1. 2 PurposeTo study the existence of eve teasing in major commercial areas of our societyTo find out various kinds of eve teasing acts that the victims have to go throughTo determine the attitude of the youth (18-25 years) towards eve teasingTo study the impact of eve teasing on the victimsTo find out the precautions and actions taken by the victims Our areas of study are the Libert y market in gulberg and the main commercial markets of H, Y and W blocks of DHA (defence housing authority).Questionnaires were distributed amongst students of FAST University who were residents of the respective areas so as to get a good insight on the matter. The people questioned were mainly residents of the areas mentioned. Shop owners in the respective areas were interviewed about the condition of eve-teasing in their area. The authorities were questioned about the measures they have taken to prevent eve teasing from becoming a norm.2. Findings Through our study, we examined the different modes of eve teasing.We found a lot of relevant information while conducting the survey. It was conducted in FAST-NU through a structured survey of 20 questions and was taken from 25 male and 25 female respondents who were residents or frequent visitors of the respective areas; the age group was 18-25 years. [pic]2. 1 Have you ever faced eve teasing? The following question was asked by us and we found that out of those 25 girls, 21 replied ‘Yes’ to our question and only 4 said ‘No’. This made it apparent that almost every girl now a day is becoming a victim of eve teasing. [pic]2. 2 Places where eve teasing is higher: Our research shows that the girls are mainly teased almost at every public place but the eve teasing rate is the highest i. e. 70% at the market areas as compared to road sides, parks, outside institutions and public transports.2. 3 Kinds of eve teasing: Women faced different kinds of eve teasing mostly through a bunch of guys who find it fun to harass women. Thus 68% of women are affected through the most common verbal eve teasing which includes whistling, passing vulgar comments etc. Others go through physical, visual and often both or at extreme cases, all kinds of teasing.2. 4 Do victims call for help? This act of harassment affects the self esteem of girls. They, the victim of eve teasing mostly do not call for help, and if th ey do, they don’t get it because 66% people never helped any one as they think it’s not their business. Even the female respondents who had gone through eve teasing did not help others facing the same problem. Furthermore, only 24% female respondents took some action against it.2. 5 Cause of side effects of eve teasing disorder: 50% of the respondents called the movie scenes as the biggest cause of the side effects of eve teasing. 6% people were also seen in favor of internet influence playing a big role in producing eve teasers and 38% blamed parents’ grooming for such a thing.2. 6 Should Govt. Pass laws against eve teasing? Almost 34% people demanded for laws against eve teasing while only a small percentage answered no.This suggests that the Government should strictly pass orders against eve teasing. Conclusion We concluded the following from the survey conducted which includes the personal interviews and the questionnaire.Eve-teasing is indeed a menace for v isitors of the respective areas. The victims were usually teased by college boys in groups rather than a single male.Eve-teasing on public transports especially buses has made it the least preferred means of transport by women.Women do feel helpless in the heat of the situation but are not afraid to later on file a complaintWomen prefer to roam the high risk areas in groups and say that they feel secure in doing soThe more posh areas such as the DHA markets have controlled this problem by having special forces designated to patrol the areas in search of such situationsRecommendationsThe fact that eve teasing is a definite form of sexual harassment should be made public. A women’s force should be deployed at the commercial areas and public transport stands so men do not dare attempt such an act, and even if they do someone is there to provide hands on assistance to the victims. Laws should be made to deal with the offenders. An effective law for this problem will be difficult to impose until and unless the mentality of our men-folk is changed about women. The media’s help should be sought to spread awareness about the issue and maybe just maybe change the mentality.Appendix Survey Questionnaire Please fill the following information about yourself: Age: Gender: M/F Eve teasing is a euphemism used in Pakistan for molestation of women by men. Consider a problem related to law breaking in youth that ranges from sexually suggestive remarks groping, making lewd gestures, staring, whistling, touching, verbal blasting, stalking ,phone calls or even physical attacks. [pic]1. How do you usually commute? (Tick all applicable)a) Bus stoppageb) Auto Rickshawc) By mobiled) Care) Others(please specify)______________2. Have you ever been teased by men at public places? (if NO, please move to question no. 9)a) Yesb) No3. What kind of eve teasing have you faced? (Tick all applicable)a) Verbal (comments, whistling, etc. )b) Physical (touching, feeling up, etc. )c) V isual (staring, gesticulating, etc. )d) Others (please specify) ___________________4. In your experience, eve teasing is done bya) Individualb) Groupc) Both5. How does eve teasing make you feel? (Tick all applicable)a) Feel Humiliatedb) Feel scaredc) Feel angryd) Feel degradede) It does not affect me at allf) I enjoy itg) Others(please specify) ______________________6. Have you ever reacted /take action when someone has teased you?a) Yesb) No7. If yes, how? (Tick all applicable)a) Retaliated verballyb) Retaliated physically. If yes, what did you do? ______________________c) Walked away and ignoredd) Asked others for helpe) Called the policef) Others (please specify) ______________________8. What type of help did you get from others when you were being teased? (Tick all applicable)a) Called the policeb) Got support from people aroundc) No Helpd) Others (please specify)9. Have you ever helped anyone being teased?a) Yes, specify how?b) No, why not?10. Is eve teasing a sort of flirting? a) Yesb) Noc) Maybe11. Do you think the way girl dress-up is a reason behind eve teasing?a) Yesb) Noc) May be12. Do you think conservatively dressed women haven’t gone through eve teasing?a) Yesb) Noc) May be13. Should girls be banned from all public places where they may encounter eve teasers?a) Yesb) Noc) May be14. Which one is the cause of the side effects of compulsive eve teasing disorder? Tick all applicable)a) Movie scenesb) Bad parentingc) Internet influenced) Others (please specify)15. Is eve teasing an innate part of our social culture?a) Yesb) Noc) May be16. Where is the eve teasing higher? (Tick all applicable)a) Outside institutional areab) Parksc) Road sidesd) Marketse) Public transport17. Should the government pass laws against eve teasing?a) Yesb) Noc) May be18. Do you think that maximum no. of eve teaser are students?a) Yesb) Noc) May be19. Many women often take precautionary measures to ensure their safety.Please tick the precautions you take/ your family as ks you to take for your safety as a woman. (Tick all applicable)a) Avoid certain public places. Specify which kind of places _____________________b) Avoid going out alonec) Avoid wearing certain clothes, which may seem provocatived) Carry items such as pepper spray/ safety pins/ pen knife etc.e) I do not take any precautions as I feel safe in the cityf) None of the aboveg) Others (please specify) _______________________20. Would you like to give a suggestion about how to STOP eve teasing? Data acquired.